CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Conditional sentences are sentences express factual
implications or hypothetical situations and their consequences. They are called
so because the validity of the main clause of this sentence is dependent on the
existence of certain circumstances, which can be expressed in the dependent
clause or can be understood from the context. A full conditional sentences (one
which expresses the condition and consequence) because it contains two clauses:
the dependent clause expresses a condition, which is called protasisnya, and
the main clause expresses the consequences, is called the apodosis example.
sentence (in United Kingdom) is as follows: if it rains, the picnic will be
cancelled.
There are
three types of conditional sentences:
Type
|
Condition
|
1
|
Condition
possible to fulfill
|
2
|
Condition
in theory possible to fulfill
|
3
|
Condition
not possible to fulfill (too late)
|
1. Form
type
|
if-clause
|
main clause
|
I
|
Simple
Present
|
will-future or (Modal + infinitive)
|
II
|
Simple
Past
|
would
+ infinitive *
|
III
|
Past
Perfect
|
would
+ have + past participle *
|
2. Examples (if-clause at the beginning)
type
|
if clause
|
main clause
|
I
|
If
I study,
|
I
will pass the exam.
|
II
|
If
I studied,
|
I
would pass the exam.
|
III
|
If
I had studied,
|
I
would have passed the exam.
|
3. Examples (if-clause at the end)
type
|
main clause
|
if-clause
|
I
|
I
will pass the exam
|
if
I study.
|
II
|
I
would pass the exam
|
if
I studied.
|
III
|
I
would have passed the exam
|
if
I had studied.
|
4. Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)
type
|
|
Examples
|
|
|
|
long forms
|
short/contracted forms
|
I
|
+
|
If
I study, I will pass
the exam.
|
If
I study, I'll pass
the exam.
|
-
|
If
I study, I will not fail
the exam.
If I do not study, I will fail the exam. |
If
I study, I won't fail
the exam.
If I don't study, I'll fail the exam. |
|
II
|
+
|
If
I studied, I would pass
the exam.
|
If
I studied, I'd pass
the exam.
|
-
|
If
I studied, I would not fail
the exam.
If I did not study, I would fail the exam. |
If
I studied, I wouldn't fail
the exam.
If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam. |
|
III
|
+
|
If
I had studied, I would have
passed the exam.
|
If
I'd studied, I'd have passed
the exam.
|
-
|
If
I had studied, I would not
have failed the exam.
If I had not studied, I would have failed the exam. |
If
I'd studied, I wouldn't have
failed the exam.
If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the exam. |
Type 1
"First conditional"
refers to predictive conditional sentences (see above section); here, normally,
the condition is expressed using the present tense and the consequence using
the future:
if + condition,
result/consequence
|
if + simple present, (will
+ bare infinitive)/imperative
|
atau
result/consequence
+ if + condition
|
(will
+ bare infinitive)/imperative + if + simple present
|
Example:
Ø If
you love someone, you will let yourself to say.
Ø If
I have a nos (nitrous oxide system) of my car, I will race like a jet.
Ø If
you make a mistake, someone will let you know.
Type 2
"Second conditional"
refers to the pattern where the condition clause is in the past tense, and the
consequence in conditional mood (using would or, in the first person and
rarely, should). This is used for hypothetical, counterfactual
situations in a present or future time frame (where the condition expressed is
known to be false or is presented as unlikely).
if + condition,
result/consequence
|
if + simple
past, would/could/might + bare
infinitive
|
atau
result/consequence + if +
condition
|
would/could/might + bare infinitive + if + simple past
|
Example:
Ø If
it were to rain tomorrow, I would dance in the street.
Ø If
I liked parties, I would attend more of them.
Ø If
you felt what you got here, you would be thankful everyday.
The past tense used in the condition clause is
historically the past subjunctive; however in modern English this is identical
to the past indicative except in certain dialects in the case of the verb be
(first and third person singular), where the indicative is was and the
subjunctive were. In this case
either form may be used (was is more colloquial, and were more
formal, although the phrase if I were you is common in colloquial
language too):
If I (he, she, it)
was/were rich, there would be plenty of money available for this project.
Type 3
"Third conditional"
is the pattern where the condition clause is in the past perfect, and the
consequence is expressed using the conditional perfect. This is used to refer
to hypothetical, counterfactual (or believed likely to be counterfactual) situations
in the past
if + condition, result/consequence
|
if + past perfect, would/should/could/might have +
past participle
|
atau
result/consequence + if + condition
|
would/should/could/might have + past participle + if
+ past perfect
|
Example:
Ø If
you had called me, I would have come.
Ø If
I had studied, I would have passed the exam.
Ø If
you passed the exam nicely, you would have nice mark.
Reference:
https://www.translate.com/english/kalimat-kondisional-adalah-kalimat-mengekspresikan-implikasi-faktual-atau-situasi-hipotetis-dan-kon
http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-conditional-sentence-type-1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_sentence
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if.htm
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